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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent systems</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Multi-agent_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-agent simulation">Multi-agent simulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent-based_model_in_biology" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model in biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent-based_social_simulation" title="Agent-based social simulation">Agent-based social simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_agent-based_modeling_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of agent-based modeling software">Agent-based modeling software</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_platforms_for_software_agents" title="Comparison of platforms for software agents">Platforms for software agents</a>

<li><a href="GORITE" title="GORITE">GORITE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Software_agent" title="Software agent">Software agent</a></li></ul>

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Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_pathfinding" title="Multi-agent pathfinding">Multi-agent pathfinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_planning" title="Multi-agent planning">Multi-agent planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning" title="Multi-agent reinforcement learning">Multi-agent reinforcement learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</a></li>

<li><a href="Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li></ul>

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<p><b>Agent-oriented programming</b> (<b>AOP</b>) is a <a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigm</a> where the construction of the software is centered on the concept of <a href="Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agents</a>. In contrast to <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> which has objects (providing methods with variable parameters) at its core, AOP has externally specified agents (with interfaces and messaging capabilities) at its core. They can be thought of as abstractions of objects. Exchanged messages are interpreted by receiving "agents", in a way specific to its class of agents.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Historically, the concept of agent-oriented programming and the idea of centering software around the concept of an Agent was introduced by <a href="Yoav_Shoham" title="Yoav Shoham">Yoav Shoham</a> within his <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> studies in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His agents are specific to his own paradigm as they have only one method, with one parameter. To quote Yoav Shoham from his paper in 1990 for a basic difference between AOP and OOP:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... agent-oriented programming (AOP), which can be viewed as a specialization of object-oriented programming.</p></blockquote>

<th>AOP

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Basic unit

</th>

<td>object</td>

<td>agent

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Parameters defining state of basic unit

</th>

<td>unconstrained</td>

<td>beliefs, commitments, capabilities, choices, ...

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Process of computation

</th>

<td><a href="Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a> and response methods</td>

<td>message passing and response methods

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Types of message

</th>

<td>unconstrained</td>

<td>inform, request, offer, promise, decline, ...

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Constraints on methods

</th>

<td>honesty, consistency, ...

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frameworks">Frameworks</h2></div>

<p>There are multiple AOP 'frameworks', also called agent platforms, that implement Shoham's programming paradigm. The following examples illustrate how a basic agent is programmed as a hello-world program.

</p>

<p>For the Java-platform one of the frameworks is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621141053/http://jade.tilab.com/">JADE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Here is a very basic example<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of an agent that runs code.

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">helloworld</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">jade.core.Agent</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Agent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">setup</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"My name is "</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">getLocalName</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="w"> </span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Hello</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Constructor called"</span><span class="p">);</span>

</pre></div>

<p>At the core of JADE's AOP model is that its <a href="API" title="API">API</a> supports the standard <a href="Foundation_for_Intelligent_Physical_Agents" title="Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents">FIPA</a> <a href="Agent_Communication_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent Communication Language">Agent Communication Language</a>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agent_Speak_(Jason)">Agent Speak (Jason)</h3></div>

<p><a href="AgentSpeak" title="AgentSpeak">AgentSpeak</a> is an agent-oriented programming language based on logic programming and the <a href="Belief%E2%80%93desire%E2%80%93intention_software_model" title="Belief–desire–intention software model">belief–desire–intention</a> (BDI) architecture.

</p><p>For a literal translation of agent-oriented concepts into a scheme unobfuscated as is JADE, behind Java and Object Orientedness, Agent Speak<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Jason) provides a "natural" language for agents.

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-jade mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">started</span>.

<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">+</span><span class="nt">started</span> <- .print("Hello World. ").

</pre></div>

<p><a href="GOAL_agent_programming_language" title="GOAL agent programming language">GOAL</a> is an agent <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for programming <a href="Cognitive_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive agent">cognitive agents</a>. GOAL agents derive their choice of action from their beliefs and goals. The language provides the basic building blocks to design and implement cognitive agents by programming constructs that allow and facilitate the manipulation of an agent's beliefs and goals and to structure its <a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>. The language provides an intuitive programming framework based on <a href="Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a> or <a href="Practical_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Practical reasoning">practical reasoning</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SARL_Language">SARL Language</h3></div>

<p><a href="SARL_(programming_language)" title="SARL (programming language)">SARL</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides the fundamental abstractions for coding multiagent systems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses a script-like syntax (inspired by Scala and Ruby).

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sarl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">helloworld</span>

<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">io.sarl.core.Initialize</span>

<span class="kd">agent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">HelloWorldAgent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Initialize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">println</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">"Hello World."</span><span class="o">)</span>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PADE_(Python_Agent_DEvelopment_framework)">PADE (Python Agent DEvelopment framework)</h3></div>

<p>PADE<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a python package to develop intelligent agents in python language. This framework complies to FIPA and ACL standards.

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AgenteHelloWorld</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Agent</span><span class="p">):</span>

<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AgenteHelloWorld</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">aid</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">aid</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">display_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">aid</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">localname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Hello World!"</span><span class="p">)</span>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middleware">Middleware</h2></div>

<p>One way to implement modular or extensible AOP support is to define standard AOP <a href="API" title="API">APIs</a> to <a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> functions that are themselves implemented as <a href="Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agents</a>. For example, a directory service can be implemented as a <a href="Foundation_for_Intelligent_Physical_Agents" title="Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents">FIPA</a> directory facilitator or DF software agent; life-cycle management to start, stop, suspend and resume agents can be implemented as a FIPA Agent Management Service or AMS agent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A benefit of the AOP approach is that it supports more dynamic roles between different users and providers of applications, services and networks. For example, traditionally, networks and services were usually managed by the network and service provider on behalf of the customer and offered as a single virtual network service but customers themselves are becoming more empowered to integrate and manage their own services. This can be achieved via AOP and APIs to middleware agents that can flexibly and dynamically manage communication.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Software_agent" title="Software agent">Software agent</a> – Computer program acting for a user</li>

<li><a href="NetLogo" title="NetLogo">NetLogo</a> – Programming language</li>

<li><a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor model</a> – Model of concurrent computation</li>

<li><a href="GOAL_agent_programming_language" title="GOAL agent programming language">GOAL</a> – Language for cognitive agents</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFShoham1990" class="citation book cs1">Shoham, Y. (1990). <i>Agent-Oriented Programming</i> (Technical Report STAN-CS-90-1335). Stanford University: Computer Science Department.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFShoham1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shoham, Y. (1993). "Agent-Oriented Programming". <i>Artificial Intelligence</i>. <b>60</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>92. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.123.5119">10.1.1.123.5119</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0004-3702%2893%2990034-9">10.1016/0004-3702(93)90034-9</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBellifemineeAgostino_PoggiGiovanni_Rimassa2024" class="citation conference cs1">Bellifeminee, Fabio; Agostino Poggi; Giovanni Rimassa (2024). <i>JADE: a FIPA2000 compliant agent development environment</i>. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents. pp. <span class="nowrap">216–</span>217. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F375735.376120">10.1145/375735.376120</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702083510/http://rootdev.nl/blog/article/aop_jade_configure_in_eclipse_and_netbeans">"Rootdev"</a>. <i>rootdev.nl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rootdev.nl/blog/article/aop_jade_configure_in_eclipse_and_netbeans">the original</a> on 2 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anand S. Rao, 1996. AgentSpeak(L): BDI Agents Speak Out in a Logical Computable Language. Proceedings of Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World (MAAMAW-96).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguezGaudGalland2014" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Sebastian; Gaud, Nicolas; Galland, Stéphane (2014). "SARL: A General-Purpose Agent-Oriented Programming Language". <i>2014 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>110. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fwi-iat.2014.156">10.1109/wi-iat.2014.156</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4799-4143-8</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15508257">15508257</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarl.io">SARL website</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pade.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html">"Python Agent DEvelopment framework — Pade 1.0 documentation"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPoslad2007" class="citation journal cs1">Poslad, S (2007). "Specifying Protocols for Multi-agent System Interaction". <i>ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 15–es. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1293731.1293735">10.1145/1293731.1293735</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9477595">9477595</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPosladPittMamdaniHadingham1999" class="citation book cs1">Poslad, S.; Pitt, J.; Mamdani, A.; Hadingham, R.; Buckle, P. (1999). Hayzelden, A.; Bigham, J. (eds.). <i>Agent-oriented middleware for integrating customer network services. In: Software Agents for Future Communication Systems</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">221–</span>242. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-58418-3_9">10.1007/978-3-642-58418-3_9</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_paradigms_(Comparison_by_language)368" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Programming_paradigms_(Comparison_by_language)368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigms</a> (<a href="Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Comparison by language</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jackson_structured_programming" title="Jackson structured programming">Jackson structures</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">Block-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modular</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-structured_programming" title="Non-structured programming">Non-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small" title="Programming in the large and programming in the small">Programming in the large and in the small</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">Design by contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Invariant-based_programming" title="Invariant-based programming">Invariant-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Nested_function" title="Nested function">Nested function</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)">comparison</a>, <a href="List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages" title="List of object-oriented programming languages">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">Class-based</a>, <a href="Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based</a>, <a href="Object-based_language" title="Object-based language">Object-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Immutable object</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_programming_language" title="Persistent programming language">Persistent</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_function_call_syntax" title="Uniform function call syntax">Uniform function call syntax</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_functional_programming_languages" title="Comparison of functional programming languages">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous function</a> (<a href="Partial_application" title="Partial application">Partial application</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Higher-order_programming" title="Higher-order programming">Higher-order</a></li>

<li><a href="Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">Purely functional</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_functional_programming" title="Total functional programming">Total</a></li>

<li><a href="Strict_programming_language" title="Strict programming language">Strict</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">GADTs</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent types</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_logic_programming" title="Functional logic programming">Functional logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">Point-free style</a></li>

<li><a href="Expression-oriented_programming_language" title="Expression-oriented programming language">Expression-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Applicative_programming_language" title="Applicative programming language">Applicative</a>, <a href="Concatenative_programming_language" title="Concatenative programming language">Concatenative</a></li>

<li><a href="Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">Function-level</a>, <a href="Value-level_programming" title="Value-level programming">Value-level</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flow-based_programming" title="Flow-based programming">Flow-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_programming" title="Reactive programming">Reactive</a> (<a href="Functional_reactive_programming" title="Functional reactive programming">Functional reactive</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Signal_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal programming">Signals</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Streams</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abductive_logic_programming" title="Abductive logic programming">Abductive logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Answer_set_programming" title="Answer set programming">Answer set</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint</a> (<a href="Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">Inductive logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">Nondeterministic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_logic_programming" title="Probabilistic logic programming">Probabilistic logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">DSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_modeling_language" title="Algebraic modeling language">Algebraic modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a></li>

<li><a href="Automata-based_programming" title="Automata-based programming">Automata-based</a> (<a href="Action_language" title="Action language">Action</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Command_language" title="Command language">Command</a> (<a href="Spacecraft_command_language" title="Spacecraft command language">Spacecraft</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable</a></li>

<li><a href="Grammar-oriented_programming" title="Grammar-oriented programming">Grammar-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">Interface description</a></li>

<li><a href="Language-oriented_programming" title="Language-oriented programming">Language-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural-language_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-language programming">Natural language</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Page_description_language" title="Page description language">Page description</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">Pipes</a> and <a href="Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filters</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_programming" title="Probabilistic programming">Probabilistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_programming_language" title="Scientific programming language">Scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_theoretic_programming" title="Set theoretic programming">Set-theoretic</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">Simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">Stack-based</a></li>

<li><a href="System_programming_language" title="System programming language">System</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_programming_language" title="Tactile programming language">Tactile</a></li>

<li><a href="Template_processor" title="Template processor">Templating</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a> (<a href="Graph_rewriting" title="Graph rewriting">Graph rewriting</a>, <a href="Production_system_(computer_science)" title="Production system (computer science)">Production</a>, <a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a>,<br><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>,<br><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_mutual_exclusion" title="Automatic mutual exclusion">Automatic mutual exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Choreographic_programming" title="Choreographic programming">Choreographic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_logic_programming" title="Concurrent logic programming">Concurrent logic</a> (<a href="Concurrent_constraint_logic_programming" title="Concurrent constraint logic programming">Concurrent constraint logic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_object-oriented_programming" title="Concurrent object-oriented programming">Concurrent OO</a></li>

<li><a href="Macroprogramming" title="Macroprogramming">Macroprogramming</a></li>

<li><a href="Multitier_programming" title="Multitier programming">Multitier programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_computing" title="Organic computing">Organic computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Parallel programming models</a></li>

<li><a href="Partitioned_global_address_space" title="Partitioned global address space">Partitioned global address space</a></li>

<li><a href="Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">Process-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Relativistic_programming" title="Relativistic programming">Relativistic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_programming" title="Service-oriented programming">Service-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_concurrency" title="Structured concurrency">Structured concurrency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attribute-oriented_programming" title="Attribute-oriented programming">Attribute-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">Automatic</a> (<a href="Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible</a></li>

<li><a href="Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">Homoiconicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> (<a href="Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">Hygienic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Metalinguistic_abstraction" title="Metalinguistic abstraction">Metalinguistic abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">Multi-stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a> (<a href="Bayesian_program_synthesis" title="Bayesian program synthesis">Bayesian</a>, <a href="Inferential_programming" title="Inferential programming">Inferential</a>, <a href="Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">by demonstration</a>, <a href="Programming_by_example" title="Programming by example">by example</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">Reflective</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">Self-modifying code</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_programming" title="Symbolic programming">Symbolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">Separation<br>of concerns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspects</a></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></li>

<li><a href="Data-driven_programming" title="Data-driven programming">Data-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Data-oriented_design" title="Data-oriented design">Data-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">Event-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature-oriented_programming" title="Feature-oriented programming">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="Literate_programming" title="Literate programming">Literate</a></li>

<li><a href="Role-oriented_programming" title="Role-oriented programming">Roles</a></li>

<li><a href="Subject-oriented_programming" title="Subject-oriented programming">Subjects</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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